Hood Roberts And
نویسندگان
چکیده
Warren Weaver is the person generally credited with exciting interest in the possibilities of mechanical translation (MT) in the United States. (Earlier proposals came from a Russian, P. P. Smirnoff-Troyanski, and independently from a Frenchman, Artsouni.) His letter on the subject to some 200 of his colleagues in 1949 may be regarded as the beginning of this endeavor. The international conference on MT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1952 was an indication of the interest that scholars had taken in the formidable intellectual challenge. And the seriousness with which the United States government began to view this matter may be inferred from the fact that from 1956 to 1965 it supported 17 institutions to the tune of almost $20,000,000. (The reader interested in the history of MT is referred to Locke and Booth 1955, and Pendergraft 1967.) In 1964 the National Science Foundation was supporting MT and MT-related efforts at Harvard, M.I.T., Berkeley, Ohio State, Wayne State, Bunker-Ramo, Texas, Pennsylvania, and the National Bureau of Standards. The Department of Defense in fiscal year 1964 was allocating for MT research nearly 21⁄2 million dollars. At the time of this writing — fall 1970 — only five MT projects are being supported by the federal government— German-English (Texas), Chinese-English (Berkeley), the Russian-English contract with Latsec Corporation at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, English-Vietnamese, Logos Development Corporation, and Russian-English at Wayne State University supported by the Office of Naval Research. (Current Research and Development in Scientific Documentation #14 (1966) lists 43 projects indexed under the term 'mechanical translation'. CRDSD #15 (1969) lists only 29 projects indexed under 'machine translation'.) While MT research was enjoying its greatest financial support, there was at the same time in government funding circles concern about the expense of the research, the continued reliance on post-editing of machine output, and growing dissatisfaction with the increasingly large amount of effort necessary to achieve small advances. In April, 1964, the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee of the National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council, under the
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